East Meets West: A Civilizational Clash of Egos?
Self and Ego in Eastern Culture, Philosophy, and Arts
“Where worlds at dawn and dusk embrace,
Where Eastern wisdom, Western grace,
Collide in silent, storied space,
A tale of Ego, Self, and Face.In Eastern thought, the Self is seen,
A drop in endless and serene,
Where Atman, Brahman's sheen, convene,
And Ego's veil stands in between.In Buddha's path, the middle way,
Anatta speaks, in transient play,
No Self to bind, no Ego's sway
Just skandhas dancing life's ballet.In Tao’s flow, the natural path,
No Ego's pain exacts its wrath,
In harmony, a loving bath,
The Self and Cosmos share their path.Jain souls narrate in karma tales,
Non-violence of love prevails,
The Ego burden’s needless dread
In liberation can be shed.The art reflects these ancient themes,
In strokes of brush, its silent dreams,
Where nothing’s quite is what it seems
When Ego's whisper softly streamsThe East meets West, in clash and blend,
In search of Truth, on paths that wend,
Through Ego's mazes, to transcend,
To Love, where all the souls ascend.”
East & West: Love's Ascending Quest
The Frontier Man, February 2024
We live in times of great instability and conflict and it is natural to ask why we are observing multiple wars and civilizational conflict between the West and East. There are several reasons but in my view, one of the most fundamental ones is the major difference in understanding the role of an individual as he or she relates to himself/herself and to other humans. These fundamental ideas have deep roots in history, culture, religion, and arts. I am fortunate to have lived in Asia and learned about Eastern history, cultures, religions, and arts, in life and in academia. I am happy to share what I learned with you. I think the concepts of self and ego as they are understood in the East are a great place to start. I do not aim to be comprehensive as the subject is too vast to cover in a relatively short article. Instead, I would like to offer a short introduction to the main ideas. I hope you enjoy it. I will post a series of articles on these subjects in the next few years, please subscribe to this Substack blog to receive the future articles.
The main ideas in Eastern religions and cultures regarding ego and the concept of self are diverse, reflecting the rich tapestry of beliefs and philosophies that span cultures and epochs. However, there are some common threads that can be identified across major Eastern traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism. It's important to note that these explanations are simplified overviews and each tradition has a vast array of interpretations and practices.
Hinduism
In Hinduism, the concept of the self (Atman) is central. Atman refers to the true essence of an individual, which is believed to be eternal and identical to Brahman, the ultimate reality or world soul. The ego (Ahamkara), in contrast, is seen as the sense of individuality and separation from the world, which is a source of illusion (Maya) and suffering. The goal of spiritual practice in Hinduism (such as yoga and meditation) is often to transcend the ego and realize the unity of Atman with Brahman, leading to liberation (Moksha) from the cycle of rebirth (Samsara).
Buddhism
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), takes a somewhat different approach by teaching the doctrine of Anatta (Anatman in Sanskrit), which means "not-self." According to this view, the belief in a permanent, unchanging self is a delusion that contributes to suffering. Buddhism argues that what we consider the self is actually a collection of temporary, changing phenomena (Five Skandhas: form, sensation, perception, mental formations, and consciousness). Enlightenment (Nirvana) involves realizing the truth of Anatta, which leads to the cessation of desire, aversion, and ignorance, and thereby the cessation of suffering.
Taoism
Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (Dao), which can be understood as the fundamental nature of the universe. The concept of self in Taoism is fluid and emphasizes the interconnectedness of all things rather than a fixed, isolated self. The ego is often seen as an obstacle to understanding and aligning with the Tao because it fosters separation, striving, and disharmony. By letting go of the ego and embracing simplicity, spontaneity, and humility, one can achieve harmony with the Tao and experience the naturalness (Ziran) and peace that comes from this alignment.
Jainism
Jainism teaches the principle of Anekantavada, which acknowledges the multiplicity of viewpoints and the complexity of reality, reflecting a respect for all forms of life and an emphasis on non-violence (Ahimsa). The self, or Jiva, is seen as a soul that accumulates karma through actions. The ego in Jainism is associated with the accumulation of karma, which binds the soul to the cycle of rebirth. Liberation (Moksha) is achieved through right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct, which involve ethical living, meditation, and the practice of non-attachment, leading to the purification of the soul from karmic accumulation and the realization of the soul's true nature.
Arts as a Reflection of Philosophical Ideals About Self and Ego
The treatment of ego and self in Eastern visual arts is deeply influenced by the region's diverse cultures, philosophies, and religions, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism. These philosophical and religious traditions have shaped the perspectives and artistic expressions found in various forms of Eastern art, from painting and sculpture to calligraphy and beyond.
Eastern arts often emphasize the transcendence or understanding of the ego, the pursuit of harmony between the self and the universe, and the cultivation of inner virtues. This approach reflects a broader, more integrated view of the individual's place within the cosmos, society, and the natural world.
The intricate relationship between the philosophical concepts of ego and self in Eastern traditions and their artistic expressions is not merely coincidental but deeply intentional. Art in Eastern cultures often serves as a medium through which the philosophical, religious, and spiritual insights of a culture are communicated and internalized by its people. For instance, the Zen Buddhist practice of brush painting, known as Sumi-e, offers a compelling example of how art becomes a method for transcending the ego. The spontaneous and fluid movements required in Sumi-e are believed to reflect the artist's ability to let go of conscious control, allowing a deeper, intuitive connection with the essence of the subject to emerge. This practice illustrates the Buddhist principle of Anatta, as the artist aims to eliminate the self from the creation process, embodying the doctrine of non-self directly onto the canvas.
Symbolism and Minimalism: Vehicles for Philosophical Exploration
Eastern visual arts often employ minimalist aesthetics and symbolic elements to explore or imply the notions of self and ego. By using simple forms, empty spaces, and natural motifs, artists invite viewers to reflect inwardly and contemplate the self's relation to the external world and the essence of being.
The use of symbolism and minimalism in Eastern art forms further exemplifies the connection between artistic expression and philosophical concepts. For example, in Taoist art, the frequent depiction of natural scenes—mountains, rivers, and forests—using minimal strokes and subdued colors is not just an aesthetic choice but a philosophical statement. These artworks invite viewers to perceive the Tao, the underlying principle that all life is interconnected and flows according to natural laws. The minimalistic approach encourages a contemplation of the empty spaces as much as the brush strokes, symbolizing the Taoist understanding of the void or non-being (Wu Wei) as essential to all existence. This artistic technique prompts viewers to look beyond the surface and explore the deeper connections between self and the universe, echoing the Taoist pursuit of harmony.
Ego and Self in Arts Inspired by Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Jainism
The philosophies of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism, with their nuanced views on the ego and self, find a vivid canvas in the arts of Eastern cultures. These artworks do not merely depict religious or philosophical themes; they serve as conduits for meditation, reflection, and the eventual transcendence of the ego. The visual arts become a mirror, reflecting the complex interplay between the individual and the universal, the temporal and the eternal, inviting a deeper exploration of the self in relation to the vast cosmos.
By examining the profound connections between Eastern philosophies and their artistic expressions, one gains a richer understanding of how art serves not just as a reflection of cultural and spiritual values but as an active participant in the cultivation of self-awareness, harmony, and enlightenment. Through this lens, art transcends its physical form, becoming a pathway to the spiritual and a bridge between the ego and the true self.
Buddhism
In many forms of Buddhist art, the concept of ego is treated as something to overcome or transcend. The ego, associated with attachment and suffering, is seen as an illusion that hinders enlightenment. Art often serves as a medium to express or guide towards the dissolution of the ego, aiming for a state of selflessness and enlightenment. Zen art, for instance, with its emphasis on simplicity, spontaneity, and the essence of being, encourages the shedding of the ego.
Hinduism
Hindu art is rich in depictions of gods, goddesses, and mythological stories that explore the self in relation to the divine and the cosmos. While the ego is recognized as part of the human experience, many Hindu practices and artworks encourage devotion and the surrender of the ego to achieve moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth). The portrayal of deities in various forms and narratives often illustrates the ideals of overcoming egoistic desires and realizing the true self, which is divine and connected to the universal.
Taoism
Taoist art focuses on harmony with nature, simplicity, and spontaneity, reflecting the Taoist view of the self as part of the Tao (the way of the universe). The concept of ego is less pronounced, with more emphasis on living in accordance with the natural world and understanding one's place within it. Taoist philosophy encourages letting go of the self to achieve harmony with the Tao, which is often expressed in landscape paintings and calligraphy that emphasize the vastness of nature compared to the smallness of human existence.
Confucianism
Although not directly influencing visual arts in the same way as religious beliefs, Confucianism's impact on culture and society has shaped artistic expressions, focusing on moral virtues, social harmony, and the role of the individual within the community. Artworks influenced by Confucian values might not explicitly deal with the concept of ego but often reflect ideals of self-cultivation, respect for social order, and the importance of relationships between individuals.
Jainism
In Jainism, the meticulous art of Kalpasutra manuscripts, with their detailed illustrations of the life of Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers), serves not only as a historical record but as a tool for spiritual teaching. The emphasis on non-violence (Ahimsa) and the cycle of rebirth (Samsara) is reflected in the gentle, harmonious lines and the careful avoidance of depicting violence or suffering. Through these visual narratives, followers are reminded of the importance of right conduct and the potential for liberation (Moksha) through understanding the true nature of the self as separate from the ego-driven actions that bind one to the cycle of rebirth.
In summary, Eastern religions offer a complex and nuanced perspective on ego and the concept of self, with a common emphasis on transcending egoic delusions to realize a state of unity, harmony, or liberation. These views challenge the Western emphasis on individualism and the permanence of personal identity, proposing instead that understanding the true nature of self involves overcoming the illusion of separation and understanding the interconnectedness of all existence. I believe that every person educated in the Western culture would benefit greatly from further exploring these wise Eastern ideas. I am pleased to share a list of best English translations of some of the most significant Eastern classics which I enjoyed reading tremendously. I hope you do too.
Related Essay on the Beautiful Convergence of Science and Eastern Spiritual Traditions
Recommended Eastern Classics
Bhagavad Gita (Hinduism)
Part of the Indian epic Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that takes the form of a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and the god Krishna, who serves as his charioteer. This text discusses the nature of life, the self, and the universe, emphasizing the importance of duty (dharma) and the path to spiritual liberation (moksha). It’s a beautiful book, you will touch the divine when you read it. The Gita provides essential insights into Hindu concepts of the self (Atman), the universe (Brahman), and the illusionary power of ego (Ahamkara), offering guidance on navigating the moral complexities of life.
Easwaran, Eknath. “The Bhagavad Gita”, Nilgiri Press, 2nd edition, 2007.
Eknath Easwaran's translation is widely appreciated for its readability, accuracy, and the introductory essays that provide context and insights for Western readers.
Dhammapada (Buddhism)
The Dhammapada is a collection of sayings of the Buddha in verse form and one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures. It articulates Buddhist teachings on ethics, meditation, and wisdom.
It offers profound insights into the Buddhist understanding of the mind, ego, and the path to enlightenment (Nirvana), emphasizing the impermanent and non-self nature of existence.
Gil Fronsdal's translation is noted for its simplicity, directness, and faithfulness to the original Pali text, making it accessible to modern readers.
Tao Te Ching (Taoism)
Attributed to Laozi, this foundational Taoist text comprises 81 short chapters and presents the principles of Taoism, including the concepts of the Tao (the Way), Wu Wei (non-action), and simplicity. The Tao Te Ching teaches the importance of harmony with the Tao and offers wisdom on transcending egoistic desires to live in accordance with the natural world, emphasizing fluidity, adaptability, and the interconnectedness of all things.
Mitchell, Stephen. “Tao Te Ching: A New English Version”. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.
Stephen Mitchell's version, though not a direct translation (Mitchell is not a Chinese scholar), is highly regarded for its poetic interpretation and has been influential in popularizing the Tao Te Ching in the West.
The Analects (Confucianism)
A collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his disciples. It outlines the moral code of Confucianism, focusing on virtue, family loyalty, and the importance of social harmony. While not directly addressing the ego in a spiritual sense, The Analects provide a framework for ethical living and the cultivation of the self in relation to society and the state.
Edward Slingerland's translation provides a clear and nuanced English version of the text, accompanied by selections from traditional commentaries, enhancing the reader's understanding.
The Upanishads (Hinduism)
A collection of philosophical texts that form the theoretical basis for the Hindu religion, the Upanishads explore the nature of reality, the concept of Brahman (the ultimate reality), and the inner essence of the self (Atman). These texts delve deeply into the philosophical underpinnings of Hindu thought, offering insights into transcending the ego to realize the unity of the self with the ultimate reality.
Easwaran, Eknath. “The Upanishads”. Nilgiri Press, 2nd edition, 2007.
Like his translation of the Bhagavad Gita, Eknath Easwaran's version of The Upanishads is accessible and brings out the spiritual wealth of the texts, making it suitable for first-time readers.
The Jataka Tales (Buddhism)
A voluminous body of literature native to India concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form. The tales are didactic in nature, intended to teach ethical and moral lessons.
While not philosophical texts per se, the Jataka Tales encapsulate Buddhist values and teachings on karma, morality, and the path towards enlightenment, highlighting the non-self nature of existence.
Cowell, E.B., ed. “The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births”
Though an older translation, Cowell's edition remains a comprehensive and authoritative English compilation of the Jataka Tales, widely used by scholars and students alike.
The Zhuangzi (Taoism)
Alongside the Tao Te Ching, the Zhuangzi is a fundamental text of Taoism, containing stories and anecdotes that exemplify the carefree nature of the ideal Taoist sage. It provides profound insights into Taoist philosophy, particularly the concepts of relativity, the utility of the useless, and the value of spontaneity and freedom from the rigid structures of society, which can be seen as a metaphor for transcending the ego.
Brook Ziporyn's translation offers both a readable and philosophically engaging version of the Zhuangzi, with selections from traditional commentaries that provide depth and context.
Acaranga Sutra (Jainism)
One of the earliest and most important Jain texts, the Acaranga Sutra discusses the conduct and teachings of ascetic life, emphasizing non-violence (ahimsa) and the reality of the soul (jiva). This work is fundamental in understanding Jain philosophy, particularly its views on the self, karma, and the path to liberation (moksha) through ethical living and self-discipline, aiming for the realization of the soul's true nature beyond the ego.
Jacobi, Hermann. “Acaranga Sutra”
Hermann Jacobi's translation is one of the earliest and most respected English translations of Jain scriptures, providing a foundational understanding of Jain philosophy and ethics.
If you are looking for more timeless wisdom and beauty, enjoy this reading list:
"Red and White Plum Blossoms" by Ogata Kōrin
An early 18th-century masterpiece that showcases Kōrin and the traditional Rinpa school of Japanese art, which Kōrin helped pioneer. This work is celebrated for its simple yet profound depiction of nature, featuring two plum trees—one with white blossoms and the other with red—on either side of a meandering stream. The painting is executed on a pair of two-panel folding screens, employing a dazzling background of gold leaf that both illuminates and abstracts the scene, creating a timeless, ethereal quality. The meaning of "Red and White Plum Blossoms" transcends its visual composition, embodying deeper philosophical and aesthetic principles that are central to the Rinpa school. This painting is not merely a depiction of nature; it is a meditation on beauty, impermanence, and the cyclical nature of life—themes deeply ingrained in Zen Buddhism. "Red and White Plum Blossoms" invites viewers to reflect on the beauty of the natural world, the passage of time, and the interplay between the transient and the eternal.